Territorial and Farm-Level Inequalities in Cattle Vaccination and Disease-Control Practices in Ecuador: Evidence from the 2025 National Agricultural Survey.

Authors

Nestor Acosta, Teresa Guarda

Published in

Veterinary sciences. Volume 13. Issue 8. Aug 17, 2026. Epub Aug 17, 2026.

Abstract

National evidence on cattle vaccination, disease-control practices, and producer-reported disease remains limited in Ecuador. This study assessed holding-level participation in preventive cattle-health activities and factors associated with self-reported disease, focusing on Manabí. We analysed anonymised public-use microdata from the 2025 Continuous Agricultural Production and Area Survey (ESPAC); all four outcomes were based on producer reports and were not independently verified against veterinary or administrative records. The principal design-adjusted analysis included 10,588 positive-weight holdings across continental Ecuador. Survey-weighted proportions and multivariable logistic regression models incorporated expansion weights, strata, and primary sampling units. Estimated participation in the official foot-and-mouth disease vaccination campaign, other cattle vaccination, and disease-control activities was 86.38%, 55.96%, and 64.74%, respectively; 11.22% of holdings reported a principal cattle disease. Larger herd size was positively associated with all four outcomes (all p < 0.001). Compared with the Coast, holdings in the Amazon and Highlands had lower adjusted odds of other vaccination and disease-control activities and higher odds of self-reported disease (all p ≤ 0.002). Manabí holdings had higher adjusted odds of all three preventive outcomes than holdings in the other Coast provinces (all p < 0.001), but not of self-reported disease (p = 0.493). Preventive engagement was strongest for the centrally organised foot-and-mouth disease campaign. These findings identify territorial and farm-level inequalities relevant to veterinary-service delivery and surveillance, without establishing animal-level coverage, confirmed prevalence, or causal effects.

PMID:
42655838
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 27 Aug 2026.

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