Staying Afloat: A Scoping Review of the Literature on Adapted Swim Instruction.

Authors

Katherine L Long, Kristina Kobza, Tania Santiago Perez, Erika Kemp, Tana B Carson

Published in

The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association. Volume 80. Issue 5. Pages 930-954. Epub Jul 18, 2026.

Abstract

ImportanceIndividuals with disabilities may require adaptations and modifications during swimming instruction.ObjectiveThe purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the literature on adapted swim instruction including the following: (1) identifying adapted swim strategies; (2) determining which populations have received adapted swim instruction; and (3) identifying gaps in the research.Data SourcesSix databases were searched for records published on or before September 29, 2025, including: PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SportDiscus, Web of Science, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).Study Selection and Data CollectionStudies were included in this review if they were peer-reviewed, written in English, focused on beginner swimming skill instruction, included participants with disabilities and/or instructors/caregivers of individuals with disabilities, and consisted of original research studies. Studies were excluded if they were not peer-reviewed, not written in English, or not focused on beginning swim instruction.FindingsFifty-five studies met inclusion criteria and described interventions for individuals with disabilities. Studies discussed 26 adaptive strategies utilized for swimming instruction. Two studies were Oxford Level 2 studies, indicating randomized-controlled trials and definitive observational studies.Conclusions and RelevanceThere is a lack of robust, high-quality studies on adapted swim instruction, indicating a need for future studies to strengthen the evidence base.

PMID:
42698311
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 05 Sep 2026.

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