Sequence and structural determinants of efficacious de novo chimaeric antigen receptors.

Authors

Arthur Chow, Hoyin Chu, Ruofan Li, Benan N Nalbant, Abdul Vehab Dozic, Laura C Kida, Zeyu Tang, Joseph R Palmeri, Caleb A Lareau

Published in

Nature biomedical engineering. Sep 09, 2026. Epub Sep 09, 2026.

Abstract

Advances in generative protein design using artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the rapid development of binders against heterogeneous targets, including tumour-associated antigens. Despite extensive biochemical characterization, these novel protein binders have had limited evaluation in candidate therapeutics, including chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Here we synthesize generative protein design workflows to screen 1,758 newly designed protein binders targeting BCMA, CD19 and CD22 for efficacy in scalable protein-binding, T-cell activation and in vivo killing assays. We characterize three main challenges that hinder the utility of de novo protein binders as CARs, including tonic signalling, occluded epitope engagement and off-target activity. We develop computational and experimental heuristics to overcome these limitations, including screens of sequence variants of individual parental structures, that retain on-target CAR activation while mitigating liabilities. Together, our framework accelerates the development of AI-designed proteins for future preclinical therapeutic screening, helping enable a new generation of cellular therapies.

PMID:
42716964
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 10 Sep 2026.

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