Household-specific indoor PM_2.5 and PM_10-2.5 concentrations and Kawasaki disease onset by age six: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Authors

Kenta Matsumura, Hidekuni Inadera, Megumi Kushima, Akiko Tsuchida, Chiharu Ota, Eiji Yoshioka, Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) Group

Published in

International journal of hygiene and environmental health. Volume 278. Pages 114893. Sep 11, 2026. Epub Sep 11, 2026.

Abstract

Onset of Kawasaki disease has been linked to atmospheric dust and various everyday environmental exposures, including immune stimulation; however, its association with household-specific indoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations of indoor PM_2.5 and PM_10-2.5 concentrations with the onset of Kawasaki disease by 6 years of age.
We analyzed 3846 mother-child pairs from the Sub-Cohort Study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Indoor PM_2.5 and PM_10-2.5 concentrations were measured over 1-week periods at ages 1.5 and 3.0 years, log-transformed to address their skewed distributions, and then averaged. The outcome was onset of Kawasaki disease by 6 years of age. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios across exposure categories, and generalized additive models assessed nonlinear associations, adjusted for a priori selected potential confounders.
The cumulative incidence of Kawasaki disease by 6 years of age was 15.34 per 1000. Intraclass correlation coefficients for averaged log-transformed indoor PM_2.5 and PM_10-2.5 concentrations at 1.5 and 3.0 years of age were 0.52 and 0.55, respectively. Higher PM_10-2.5 concentrations were associated with lower odds ratios of Kawasaki disease, with a consistent inverse pattern across exposure levels. A similar consistent trend was observed for PM_2.5, although it was weaker than that for PM_10-2.5.
Higher household-specific indoor PM concentrations, particularly PM_10-2.5, were associated with a lower risk of Kawasaki disease onset by 6 years of age. Further in-depth studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

PMID:
42727555
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Sep 2026.

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