Diagnostic Likelihood Ratios for Glaucoma Using Deep Learning-Predicted Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness from Fundus Photographs.

Authors

Neda Nilforoushan, Douglas R da Costa, Rafael Scherer, Natalia Palazoni, Davina A Malek, Felipe A Medeiros

Published in

Ophthalmology science. Volume 6. Issue 10. Pages 101355. Epub Aug 06, 2026.

Abstract

To translate continuous retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness values predicted by a deep learning algorithm from fundus photographs into clinically interpretable diagnostic likelihood ratios for glaucoma.
Cross-sectional study.
A total of 232 participants with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and 127 healthy controls.
A deep learning algorithm trained on spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) measurements (machine-to-machine, M2M) was applied to optic disc photographs to predict global RNFL thickness. Participant-level analyses were conducted by selecting the eye with the lower predicted RNFL thickness per participant. Diagnostic performance of M2M-predicted RNFL thickness was compared with SD-OCT measurements using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Likelihood ratios were then estimated for continuous predicted RNFL thickness values using a ROC-based framework, allowing calculation of individualized post-test probabilities of glaucoma without dichotomizing results.
Diagnostic performance (area under the ROC curve [AUC]) and likelihood ratios derived from continuous M2M-predicted RNFL thickness values.
Machine-to-machine-predicted RNFL thickness was significantly lower in glaucomatous eyes than in controls (71.3 ± 10.6 μm vs. 95.5 ± 7.2 μm; P < 0.001). Diagnostic discrimination was high for both M2M-predicted RNFL thickness and SD-OCT-measured global RNFL thickness, with AUCs of 0.986 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.963-0.998) and 0.986 (95% CI, 0.971-0.996), respectively. The two AUCs did not differ significantly (P = 0.987), and M2M predictions retained diagnostic information. Likelihood ratios varied markedly across the range of predicted RNFL thickness values: thinner values were associated with large likelihood ratios that substantially increased post-test probability of glaucoma, whereas thicker values produced likelihood ratios well below unity, effectively reducing disease probability. Intermediate RNFL values were associated with likelihood ratios near 1, indicating limited diagnostic impact.
Continuous RNFL thickness values predicted by a deep learning algorithm from fundus photographs can be translated into clinically meaningful likelihood ratios that enable individualized probabilistic diagnosis of glaucoma. This framework moves beyond binary classification by preserving the diagnostic information contained in continuous artificial intelligence-derived measurements and provides a practical pathway for integrating deep learning outputs into clinical decision-making.
Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

PMID:
42733770
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 14 Sep 2026.

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