Relationship Between Physical Activity, Blood Cortisol Levels and Innate Immune Response in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in a Controlled Environment.

Authors

Belén Alonso-Estanillo, Óscar López-Pérez, Antonio Muñoz-Callejas, Isabel M Olazábal, Maicol Ochoa, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Vanesa Esteban, Pablo Palau-Irisarri, Félix Zaragoza

Published in

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI. Volume 16. Issue 4. Feb 07, 2026. Epub Feb 07, 2026.

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of physical activity on serum cortisol levels and phagocytic capacity of the innate immune system in eight common bottlenose dolphins under human care. Analysis of 8 pairs (16 samples) revealed a significant increase in cortisol during periods of physical activity (mean increase of 1.27 µg/dL, 122% elevation), accompanied by decreased phagocytosis in granulocytes (92% reduction) and monocytes (52% reduction). Statistical analyses demonstrated consistent negative correlations between cortisol levels and phagocytic function, suggesting that physical activity influences hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and, consequently, innate immune system function. The male showed an attenuated cortisol response, but maintained monocyte sensitivity. These findings highlight the complex interplay between the neuroendocrine cortisol response and immune function in cetaceans, for the management and evaluation of animals under human care. A multi-method statistical framework incorporating Bayesian analysis, bootstrapping, and traditional approaches ensured robust inference despite limited sample size.

PMID:
41750990
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 15 Sep 2026.

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