Inequality in prevalence of unmedicated hypertension or diabetes among older Filipinos: analysis of nationally representative survey data.

Authors

Aleli D Kraft, Kayleen Gene R Calicdan, Joseph J Capuno, Mark Ryan B Paguirigan, Christian Joy P Cruz, Owen O'Donnell

Published in

International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention. Volume 29. Pages 200617. Epub Mar 02, 2026.

Abstract

Public clinics in the Philippines provide free anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic medications, removing the price barrier to accessing effective treatments. We aimed to assess whether this is sufficient to eliminate inequality in prevalence of unmedicated hypertension (HTN) or diabetes (DM) among older Filipinos diagnosed with either condition.
We used cross-sectional survey data from a sample representative of the Philippines' population aged 60+ years in 2018-19. We selected participants who reported being diagnosed with HTN or DM. We estimated the probability of not taking medication for either condition (unmedicated) overall and by wealth index quintile, educational attainment and covariates. We used probit to estimate fully adjusted risk differences (RDs).
We estimated that 30.7% [95% CI: 26.1, 35.5] of older Filipinos diagnosed with HTN or DM were unmedicated. Age-sex adjusted prevalence was higher at lower wealth (poorest: 57.8%; 43.2, 71.5) and education (≤elementary: 34.5%; 29.5, 39.8). Prevalence was also higher for those who were: diagnosed with DM only, male, rural, living alone, not working, not receiving remittances, not senior citizen registered, cognitively impaired and smokers. With full adjustment, the poorest-richest quintile RD was 28.3 percentage points (pp) [13.6, 43.0] and the lowest-highest education RD was 4.2 pp [-6.9, 15.3].
High and unequal risk of being unmedicated for diagnosed HTN or DM, despite free maintenance medications, suggests important non-price barriers related to transport, stockouts, awareness and adherence.

PMID:
41847291
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 16 Sep 2026.

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