Seasonal Gut Microbiome Variation Associated With Both Climate and Wildlife Tourism in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus).

Authors

Katherine R Amato, Emily Kelleher, Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro, K H Darshika L Jayarathna, P D P J Jayawardena, A G S Malsha Warnapura, Chase A LaDue, Rajnish Vandercone

Published in

Integrative zoology. Sep 16, 2026. Epub Sep 16, 2026.

Abstract

The health, survival, and fitness of wild animals depend on their responses to seasonal variation in natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. The gut microbiome is a unique, non-invasive tool for assessing the magnitude of these responses, but few studies collect longitudinal gut microbiome data from wild populations. Here, we begin to address this gap in a population of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka that experience variation in both natural and anthropogenic factors across seasons. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon data from elephants in two national parks collected over 6 months, we test the hypothesis that Asian elephant gut microbiome composition varies across months in association with both climate and tourist activity. We find that both national park and sampling month are associated with significant differences in elephant gut microbiome composition, and a portion of the observed temporal variation is associated with tourist vehicle traffic. These results provide an important foundation from which to build knowledge regarding how natural and anthropogenic factors interact with and affect elephant health.

PMID:
42747284
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 16 Sep 2026.

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