Repurposing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjunct therapies against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel milk.

Authors

Maria Batool, Muhammad Ijaz, Arslan Ahmed, Muhammad Umar Javed, Hamza Rasheed, Ali Abdullah Jabir, Kehkshan Shahid, Ashraf Ali

Published in

Tropical animal health and production. Volume 58. Issue 8. Sep 17, 2026. Epub Sep 17, 2026.

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to biofilm-forming S. aureus is a worldwide issue associated with a variety of persistent infections, including mastitis. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-forming S. aureus, risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM), and simulation-based computational modeling for biofilm-associated protein. Moreover, repurposing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjunct therapies against biofilm-forming S. aureus was investigated in combination with antibiotics. Overall, 384 camel milk samples were collected and subjected to the California mastitis test (CMT), and 51.30% SCM prevalence was found in sampled animals. Among these, 59.39% of SCM-positive milk isolates were positive for S. aureus, while the prevalence of staphylococcal biofilm-positive isolates by Congo red agar (CRA) and tube method was 41.88% and 31.6%, respectively. Further, on genotypic investigation, 47.86% and 31.62% of isolates were found to have icaA and icaD genes, respectively. After this, biofilm-forming isolates were subjected to phylogenetic assessment, and results exhibited strong sequence identity of local icaA and icaD isolates with neighbouring countries. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was further validated with simulation-based computational modeling by using different tools, and results depicted a close evolutionary relationship and predominant structural integrity of the icaA protein. Drug susceptibility profiling of biofilm-positive isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin, trimethoprim+sulphamethoxazole, and cefixime. Furthermore, In-Vitro combination therapy trials showed synergistic effect of amoxicillin and trimethoprim+sulphamethoxazole with flunixin meglumine and cefixime with meloxicam. This study will provide baseline data on biofilm-forming S. aureus persistence in the camel population, along with devising an effective therapy against biofilm-forming S. aureus infections.

PMID:
42754789
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 18 Sep 2026.

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