Playing surface, match outcomes, and formation usage patterns in Major League Soccer.

Authors

John David Johnson Ii, Michael Hales, Joshua Pitts

Published in

PloS one. Volume 21. Issue 9. Pages e0358364. Epub Sep 18, 2026.

Abstract

Playing surface is a routine contextual factor in professional football, yet its association with tactical behavior and match outcomes remains unclear. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to examine whether playing surface is associated with starting formation, performance metrics, and match outcomes in professional football. Using 6,764 team-match observations from 3,383 Major League Soccer (MLS) matches (2017-2024; 6,761 team-match observations with identifiable surface), this study evaluated how surface type (grass, turf, hybrid) is associated with formation usage, performance metrics, and match outcomes. Team-level data were analyzed using chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression models incorporating surface type, match location, and their interaction. Surface type was not significantly associated with match outcomes (χ²(4) = 7.71, p = 0.103; Cramer's V = 0.034), suggesting similar competitive outcomes across modern playing surfaces. However, differences in league-wide formation distributions and aspects of attacking performance were observed across surface categories. Formation usage varied significantly by surface (χ², p < 0.001), with the 4-3-3 more common on grass and the 4-2-3-1 more prevalent on turf. Modest differences in goal scoring were observed, while possession remained largely unchanged. Home advantage was strong overall and did not differ significantly between grass and turf; a significant hybrid-by-location interaction was observed, although the hybrid category represented a single venue and should not be generalized. These findings indicate that playing surface was not meaningfully associated with competitive outcomes but was associated with differences in league-wide formation distributions and selected performance metrics. Because home surface is closely tied to club identity and the observational design cannot establish tactical adaptation, formation findings should be interpreted as descriptive associations rather than evidence that teams changed formations in response to surface conditions.

PMID:
42758783
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 19 Sep 2026.

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