Biomimetic apatite functionalization of collagen-rich membranes: Mechanical behavior, cytocompatibility, and odontoblast-like cell differentiation.

Authors

Paula Alejandra Baldión, Raquel Fernández-Penas, Pedro Álvarez-Lloret, Juan Antonio Marchal, Jaime Gómez-Morales

Published in

Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials. Sep 21, 2026. Epub Sep 21, 2026.

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of biomimetic apatite mineralization on the physicochemical properties, mechanical behavior, cytocompatibility, and odontogenic differentiation potential of collagen-rich membranes derived from eggshell membrane, equine tendon type I collagen, and bovine pericardium.
Membranes were mineralized for 7 days and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mechanical performance was assessed by microtensile testing, and hDPSC viability by calcein-AM assays up to 21 days. Odontogenic differentiation was evaluated by RT-qPCR for RUNX2, COL-1A1, DSPP, and DMP-1, DMP-1 immunofluorescence, and Alizarin Red S staining and quantification at 21 days. Data were analyzed using one-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test, as appropriate (α = 0.05).
Biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings formed on all membrane types and enhanced biofunctional performance in a membrane-dependent manner. Mineralization significantly increased tensile strength and toughness in eggshell and pericardium membranes, whereas elastic modulus increased only in pericardium. Equine collagen membranes showed modest, non-significant mechanical changes. Cell viability increased significantly over time, with mineralized membranes promoting greater early viability. Apatite-functionalized membranes increased COL-1A1, DSPP, and DMP-1 expression, while RUNX2 remained comparable among formulations. DMP-1-associated staining was more evident in mineralized membranes, which also showed increased calcium-rich extracellular matrix deposition.
Biomimetic apatite mineralization enhanced the mechanical and biological performance of collagen-rich membranes in a substrate-dependent manner. All apatite-functionalized membranes showed favorable properties as bioactive scaffolds for dental pulp regeneration and regenerative endodontic applications.

PMID:
42767885
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 22 Sep 2026.

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