Authors
Wenqi Liu, Yangyang Li, Ying Sun, Xingrui Liu, Yajing Bai, Linna Du, Xinxin Lan, Jing Yang, Lili Guan
Published in
Carbohydrate polymers. Volume 391. Pages 125841. Nov 01, 2026. Epub Sep 10, 2026.
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide AES-S was extracted from safflower post-extraction residues using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) optimization techniques, and was purified to obtain a homogeneous polysaccharide. Structural analysis revealed that AES-S is an RG-I-type pectic polysaccharide with a backbone of →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-Rhap-(1 → and a molecular weight (Mw) of 16.27 kDa. AES-S restored the immune homeostasis of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice by promoting cytokine secretion, recovering T cell proliferation, increasing immunoglobulins and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Based on a pseudo-sterility mouse model and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a crucial role of the gut microbiome and its associated metabolites in protective effects of AES-S against intestinal injury was confirmed. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing showed that AES-S remodeled the gut microbiome, enriching beneficial bacteriota (Corynebacterium) and mycobiota (Rhodotorula). Metabolomics further revealed key changes in immunomodulatory metabolites, including 5-methylthio-d-ribose and D-galactose 6-sulfate, as well as a marked increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Correlation analyses linked these microbial shifts to metabolic recovery. These findings demonstrate that AES-S exerts immunomodulatory effects via the gut microbiome-metabolism axis, positioning it as a promising natural immunomodulatory agent.
PMID:
42785880
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 25 Sep 2026.
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