Immunotherapies for NORSE and FIRES.

Authors

Kristen S Fisher, Eyal Muscal

Published in

Seminars in pediatric neurology. Volume 59. Pages 101295. Epub May 21, 2026.

Abstract

New onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and its subtype febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) are severe presentations of epilepsy syndromes that are characterized by treatment refractory seizures in an individual without prior epilepsy. Some cases have identified etiologies, such as specific autoantibodies or viral infections, but many cases are classified as cryptogenic. There is increasing evidence suggesting that both adaptive and innate immune dysregulatory mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of these disorders, particularly in cryptogenic cases, and with this, increased use of immunotherapy as a key component of treatment of NORSE and FIRES.

PMID:
42822993
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 02 Oct 2026.

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