A pair of inverse ratiometric sensing paradigms based on stimulus response of AIE@ZIFs via solvent-assisted aggregation-induced emission modulation and substituent-dependent ligand emission regulation for dynamic monitoring of PFAS-induced ATP changes in cardiomyocytes.

Authors

Yiwen Min, Ziyang Ge, Chunqian Yu, Shu Zhang, Chenyi Xue, Ying Zhang, Tianshu Zhou, Wanying Zhai, Jingjing Deng

Published in

Mikrochimica acta. Volume 193. Issue 10. Oct 01, 2026. Epub Oct 01, 2026.

Abstract

Two aggregation-induced emission (AIE) guests, tetra[4-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)] tetraphenylethylene (H₈ETTB) and dispersed Cu nanoclusters (D-CuNCs), were separately encapsulated into ZIF-8 and ZIF-90, which bear methyl-substituted and aldehyde-functionalized imidazole ligands, respectively. The constructed AIE@ZIFs (H₈ETTB@ZIF-8 and A-CuNCs@ZIF-90) integrate dual emissions from the guests and the intrinsic ligand emission (LE) of the ZIF skeletons. Based on ATP-triggered responses, we developed inverse ratiometric sensing paradigms through solvent-assisted AIE modulation and substituent-dependent LE regulation, which have been rarely explored. The distinct fluorescence color changes (bluish-green to green; orange-red to blue), arising from opposite emission responses of the guests and ligands, enable reliable color-oriented analysis. H₈ETTB@ZIF-8 affords a linear range of 0.02-6 mM ATP with detection limits of 9.84 µM (spectral) and 19.86 µM (smartphone), while A-CuNCs@ZIF-90 exhibits a linear range of 0.01-3 mM with limits of 4.26 µM and 8.52 µM, respectively. Both nanoprobes show outstanding anti-interference performance and can be internalized into cardiomyocytes (H9c2) for in situ imaging of ATP dynamics and accurate quantification of PFAS-induced ATP perturbations. Mitochondrial ATP loss is validated as an appropriate cardiotoxicity indicator for PFOS and PFOA, thereby advancing the toxicological assessment of emerging pollutants.

PMID:
42821012
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 02 Oct 2026.

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