Ferrocene anchored fluorescent cellulose nanofibers for ultrasensitive detection, adsorption, and Fenton degradation of norfloxacin: VOSviewer analysis, performance, mechanism, & RSM optimization.

Authors

Kavita Sharma, Sumit, Shubham Sharma, Gaurav Rattan, Anupama Kaushik

Published in

International journal of biological macromolecules. Pages 154693. Oct 02, 2026. Epub Oct 02, 2026.

Abstract

As revealed by in-depth state-of-the-art literature analysis using VOSviewer, no study to date has been specifically reported on the Ferrocene carboxaldehyde anchored on the aminated cellulose nanofibers (FcCA@ACNFs) multifunctional hybrid fluorescent sensor, especially for comprehensive wastewater remediation encompassing trace-level detection, efficient adsorption, and Fenton-based degradation of Norfloxacin (NOR) antibiotic from wastewater. Hence, this study has addressed this aforementioned shortcoming by critically synthesizing and comprehensively characterizing a novel fluorescent sensor, FcCA@ACNFs, formed via covalent Schiff base bonding between the Ferrocene carboxaldehyde (FcCA) and aminated cellulose nanofibers (ACNFs). The fluorescence was significantly enhanced in the presence of NOR, exhibiting a high turn-on selectivity with LOD of 0.97 nM in the linear range of 1-100 mg L^-1. The average fluorescence lifetime, ⟨τ⟩, estimated using time-resolved fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy, was 3.4905 ns for a higher concentration of NOR in the FcCA@ACNFs-NOR complex, indicating a near-high analyte concentration. Additionally, the statistical tool, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to determine the effect of pH, time, NOR concentration, and FcCA@ACNFs dosage on % adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were described using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, yielding a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 416.66 mg g^-1 and R² of 0.9992. Concomitantly, FcCA@ACNFs completely degraded NOR in the presence of co-oxidant H₂O₂, as evident from LCMS studies. Fenton-based degradation followed first-order kinetics had a rate constant of 0.1767 min^-1 and a t^1/2 of 3.92 min. Under the optimized conditions, 69.87% mineralization of NOR was achieved within 60 min, as confirmed by TOC analysis, indicating substantial mineralization of NOR and its degradation intermediates. FcCA@ACNFs exhibited an excellent removal rate of 94.6% even after 10 cycles. Finally, the efficacy of multifunctional FcCA@ACNFs was established for real water-sample analysis, validating their potential as a promising material for ultra-sensitive detection and comprehensive removal of NOR from wastewater.

PMID:
42826773
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 03 Oct 2026.

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