Simultaneous optimization of film morphology and structure dimensionality in Cs₃Sb₂I₉ through butylamine gas treatment.

Authors

Fuxiang Ji, Tristan Sachsenweger Ballantyne, Kazem Meraji, Sharun Parayil Shaji, Laura Nicolette Schusser, Sandile Kumalo, Wolfgang Tress

Published in

Communications materials. Volume 7. Issue 1. Pages 254. Epub Jun 16, 2026.

Abstract

Metal halide perovskite derivatives (A₃B₂X₉) are attractive alternatives to toxic and unstable lead-based perovskites, but their optoelectronic performance is often limited by poor film morphology and zero-dimensional (0D) crystal structures. Here, we report an amine gas post-treatment strategy that simultaneously improves film uniformity and transforms Cs₃Sb₂I₉ from a 0D phase into a two-dimensional (2D) layered phase. The transformation is driven by the reversible adsorption and desorption of amine molecules, which induce coordination-mediated liquefaction and subsequent recrystallization of the material. Among the amines investigated, the liquefaction capability increases with alkyl-chain length, leading to progressive improvements in film morphology and 2D phase purity. Consequently, butylamine (BA⁰)-treated Cs₃Sb₂I₉ solar cells exhibit nearly an order of magnitude improvements in both short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency compared to untreated reference devices. This work demonstrates the broad applicability of amine-gas treatment to all-inorganic perovskites and their derivatives for optoelectronic applications.

PMID:
42827452
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 03 Oct 2026.

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