Inhibitory control and error processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A mega-analysis of task-based fMRI data by the ENIGMA-OCD consortium.

Authors

Nadža Džinalija, Odile A van den Heuvel, H Blair Simpson, Iliyan Ivanov, Ana Araújo, Srinivas Balachander, Jan Beucke, Daniel Brandeis, Silvia Brem, Willem Bruin, Jan Buitelaar, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Sunah Choi, Goi Khia Eng, Sophie M D D Fitzsimmons, Lydia Fortea, Miquel A Fullana, Rosa Grützmann, Bjarne Hansen, Chaim Huijser, Niels T de Joode, Norbert Kathmann, Christian Kaufmann, Minah Kim, Kathrin Koch, Jun Soo Kwon, Jie Xin Lim, Ignacio Martinez-Zalacain, Jose M Menchon, Laurens A van de Mortel, Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy, Olga Therese Ousdal, Tjardo S Postma, Daniela Rodriguez-Manrique, Daan van Rooij, Venkataram Shivakumar, Carles Soriano-Mas, Emily R Stern, Sophia I Thomopoulos, Anders L Thorsen, Enric Vilajosana, Susanne Walitza, Lea Waller, Ysbrand D van der Werf, Guido van Wingen, Stella J de Wit, ENIGMA-OCD consortium, Dan J Stein, Paul M Thompson, Chris Vriend, Ilya M Veer

Published in

Biological psychiatry. Oct 03, 2026. Epub Oct 03, 2026.

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic condition in which impaired inhibitory control and excessive error monitoring may contribute to maintenance of obsessions and compulsions. This mega-analysis investigates neural activation during response inhibition and error processing using adult (OCD=563; control=348) and child (OCD=83, control=114) data from the ENIGMA-OCD consortium and the ABCD study (probable OCD=343; control=361).
Individual participant data was uniformly processed using HALFpipe to extract statistical maps for response inhibition and error processing contrasts. Bayesian multilevel models were used to assess regional and whole-brain effects of OCD, and to examine the association between the OCD clinical profile and task-related activation.
Across inhibitory control tasks, both OCD and control participants showed robust activation in regions implicated in response inhibition and error processing. During response inhibition, compared to controls, adults with OCD showed stronger somatomotor cortex activation, while children with OCD showed stronger occipital cortex activation. Children with probable OCD from the ABCD cohort showed weaker activity in the frontoparietal network in the anterior insula/frontal operculum region. During error processing, relative to controls, adults with OCD showed weaker activation in fronto-striatal regions, while children with OCD showed stronger activation in frontoparietal and attention networks. Greater OCD symptom severity was associated with weaker task-related activation in adults and stronger activation in children during response inhibition.
Case-control differences in brain activation during inhibitory control varied by age group and task contrast. Symptom severity emerged as the main clinical correlate of activation during inhibition, suggesting that inhibitory control deficits in OCD may be both state-dependent and developmentally specific.

PMID:
42829058
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 04 Oct 2026.

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