Graphene Oxide (GO) and Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP) Facilitated Electrochemical Biosensing for Lung Cancer Diagnosis.

Authors

Rekerayi Chibagidi, Palesa Pamela Seele, Valentine Saasa

Published in

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). Volume 16. Issue 14. Jul 13, 2026. Epub Jul 13, 2026.

Abstract

Early detection of lung cancer remains challenging due to the extremely low concentrations of disease-specific biomarkers, which limit the development of highly sensitive and reliable point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic devices. Electrochemical biosensors integrating graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as promising platforms for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of lung cancer biomarkers, enabling more timely diagnosis. Biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin-19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and circulating tumour DNA are increasingly investigated for PoC applications since they can be detected in various biological fluids associated with lung cancer. Nanocomposite materials, particularly GO/AuNP hybrids, provide synergistic advantages by combining the large surface area and abundant functional groups of GO for stable immobilization of biorecognition elements with the excellent conductivity and bioconjugation capability of AuNPs that enhance signal transduction. This review critically discusses key biomarker targets for lung cancer, the properties of GO and Au in biosensing, and the role of AuNP/GO nanocomposites in improving biosensor performance. It further examines the application of electrochemical biosensors for lung cancer biomarker detection, highlighting recent developments. Additionally, the review outlines current challenges limiting clinical translation and PoC implementation, provides recommendations to address these barriers, and discusses future perspectives for improving the detection of low-abundance biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis. Ultimately, these technologies seem promising for the development of rapid diagnostic tools equivalent to established platforms such as lateral-flow immunoassays.

PMID:
42510043
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 07 Oct 2026.

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