Deceptive simplicity and law-governed symbiosis: a critical mini-review of the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multicellular organisms.

Authors

A V Melkikh

Published in

Bio Systems. Pages 105983. Oct 06, 2026. Epub Oct 06, 2026.

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying the evolutionary emergence of multicellular organisms are examined from a systems perspective. The key parameter of this evolution is complexity, both of individual cells and of the multicellular organism. The main problems of cell integration are examined, such as genome integration and the coordination of the functioning of immune and transport systems. As a result, the emergence of a multicellular organism from any unicellular organism is an unattainable task for random mutations and selection. The concept of regulated symbiosis is proposed as a mechanism for the formation of a multicellular organism. The problem of the origin of multicellularity is also examined from the perspective of systems theory. This perspective allows us to understand the most general problems concerning the origin of multicellular organisms. As a mechanism for implementing regulated symbiosis, immanent laws of form generation are proposed, realized through hidden variables in quantum mechanics.

PMID:
42838452
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 07 Oct 2026.

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