Authors
Kelsey E Huus, µHEAT Study Group‡, Hirohito Abo, Yi Han Tan, Ezgi Atay, Héloïse Rytter, Ronald Keller, Silke Dauser, Dai Long Vu, Meghan B Azad, Rob Knight, Alfred Ke, Larisa Lotoski, Marc-André Langlois, Rong Liu, Alexander V Tyakht, Nicholas Youngblut, Sang-Moo Kang, Julie Parsonnet, Lisa Maier, Benoit Chassaing, Peter G Kremsner, Andrew T Gewirtz, Meral Esen, Ruth E Ley, Julian J Gabor, Johanna M Gaile, Wim A Fleischmann, Alex S Siebner, Geerten Smeenk, Judith Flügge, Roberta Allgayer De Moraes, Dennis Jakob, Alina Prokipchuk, Carolin Wilhelm
Published in
Science (New York, N.Y.). Volume 394. Issue 6820. Pages eaea7733. Oct 08, 2026. Epub Oct 08, 2026.
Abstract
Fever is a common adverse reaction to vaccination, contributing to vaccine hesitancy and reduced uptake. To understand variation in fever risk, we longitudinally profiled fecal microbiota, oral temperature, and serological markers in 171 healthy adults receiving Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines. Fever risk correlated with low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased abundance of flagellated Lachnospiraceae bacteria, and increased flagellin expression prevaccine. Microbiomes from fever-high donors triggered stronger inflammation in human intestinal organoids and drove flagellin-dependent vaccine reactions in gnotobiotic mice. Moreover, microbiome flagellin phenotypes and murine vaccine reactions were modifiable by diet. Consistent with this, human fever risk was associated with self-reported diet and metabolic markers. These findings identify the gut microbiome as a driver of vaccine-induced fever, suggesting that microbiome-targeting strategies could modulate immune tone and improve vaccine side effects.
PMID:
42848888
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 09 Oct 2026.
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