AI versus human coding of NIH grant abstracts.

Authors

Sarah A Alkhatib, Nadiya Jiwa, Dallin Judd, Justin M Luningham, Ginnie Sawyer-Morris, Merve Ulukaya, Todd Molfenter, Faye S Taxman, Scott T Walters

Published in

PloS one. Volume 21. Issue 10. Pages e0343857. Epub Oct 08, 2026.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for qualitative analysis in substance use research, yet their performance relative to human coders remains underexplored. This study compares ChatGPT-4.0 with human coders in performing qualitative coding tasks using NIH grant abstracts as a test case, focusing on the identification and description of research innovations. Using a sample of NIH HEAL Initiative grant abstracts related to opioid overdose prevention, a total of 125 abstracts were independently coded by ChatGPT and humans to generate innovation descriptions, which were then evaluated by both human raters and ChatGPT for depth/detail and relevance/completeness using 5-point Likert scales. Identical instructions were used across all coding and evaluation stages. ChatGPT-generated descriptions were consistently rated higher than human-generated descriptions on both dimensions. Human evaluators rated ChatGPT outputs at an average of 4.47 for both depth/detail and relevance/completeness, compared to 3.33 and 3.24 for human outputs, respectively (F(1,176)=133.9, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that LLMs, when carefully prompted, can enhance the efficiency and quality of qualitative research evaluation.

PMID:
42848796
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 09 Oct 2026.

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