Exosomes From Toll-Like Receptor 4-Stimulated Lung Cancer Cells Modulate Macrophage Polarization.

Authors

Başak Dalkıran, Ranya Erdal, Hande Canpınar

Published in

Scandinavian journal of immunology. Volume 104. Issue 4. Pages e70159.

Abstract

Exosomes derived from lung cancer cells play a critical role in modulating the tumour microenvironment, particularly through their effects on macrophage polarization. We investigated how exosomes from A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, both unstimulated and stimulated with a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, influence the phenotype and function of THP-1 derived macrophages. We used differential centrifugation and immunobead assay to isolate exosomes. Exosomes from unstimulated A549 cells promoted a mixed M1/M2 macrophage phenotype with a bias towards M2 polarization, while exosomes from TLR4-stimulated A549 cells reduced M2 marker expression without affecting M1 polarization. Both types of exosomes increased macrophage phagocytic capacity compared to PMA-differentiated controls, but TLR4-agonists did not increase it further. These findings provide new insights into how TLR agonist-stimulated lung cancer-derived exosomes shape macrophage phenotypes and functions, with implications for understanding tumour-immune interactions and developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the tumour microenvironment.

PMID:
42856064
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 10 Oct 2026.

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