Hormonal imbalances and neuroendocrine influences in temporomandibular disorders: A scoping review of the evidence.

Authors

Bernardo Correia Lima, Pedro Américo Dos Santos Felizardo, Lucas Maia Nogueira, Leonardo Brigido Metello Neves, Ricardo Grillo, Mariana Aparecida Brozoski

Published in

Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice. Pages 1-14. Oct 11, 2026. Epub Oct 11, 2026.

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) display a marked female predominance and fluctuate across reproductive stages, suggesting hormonal and neuroendocrine contributions.
To map the evidence on hormonal imbalances and neuroendocrine influences in TMD across six domains.
A scoping review following JBI and PRISMA-ScR. Searches of MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to July 2026 identified 3,147 records. The review protocol was registered on OSF (https://osf.io/qf2we).
274 studies were included, comprising 168 human studies and 106 preclinical studies. Human evidence consistently supports associations between hormonal factors and TMD. Estrogens, progesterone, and androgens modulate TMJ tissue remodeling, inflammation, and nociceptive processing. Reproductive endocrine disorders are consistently associated with TMD. Estrogen receptor polymorphisms are consistently associated with TMD. HPA axis dysregulation is consistently associated with TMD.
Hormonal and neuroendocrine factors are consistently associated with TMD through multiple mechanisms. Standardized longitudinal studies and validated patient-reported outcomes are needed.

PMID:
42860008
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Oct 2026.

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