The dual immunomodulatory roles and signaling mechanisms of toll-like receptor 2 in different diseases.

Authors

Chenyu Le, Xiulin Dong, Ying Bian, Yuting Liu, Xinyi Gu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Jianfeng Yang, Lingyun Li

Published in

Biochemical pharmacology. Pages 118531. Oct 11, 2026. Epub Oct 11, 2026.

Abstract

Toll-like receptors are important components of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is one of the most important Toll-like receptors involved in defending against infection and injury. TLR2 senses a wide array of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and has very broad functions in infectious diseases and other diseases. On one hand, TLR2 drives pro-inflammatory responses through the classical MyD88/NF-κB pathway, which is crucial for pathogen clearance; on the other hand, TLR2 can also limit excessive inflammation by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, inducing IL-10, and promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby maintaining immune tolerance. Such functional plasticity is regulated by ligand milieu, cell types and disease stages, which underpin the dual roles of TLR2 under diverse pathological conditions including infection, inflammation, autoimmunity and organ transplantation. This review systematically summarizes advances in TLR2 signaling transduction and its immunological functions across various diseases and enables a more cautious evaluation of its pleiotropic effects in distinct disease contexts.

PMID:
42860191
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Oct 2026.

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