Transforming CO₂: comparative analysis of catalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic conversion processes.

Authors

Beyza Yılmaz, Pınar Özdemir, M Erdem Günay, Ramazan Yıldırım

Published in

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England). Oct 12, 2026. Epub Oct 12, 2026.

Abstract

In this review, catalytic, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction processes, as the three most commonly studied transformative CO₂ utilization routes, are evaluated and compared for their future commercialization potential. After the current state of the art in each is summarized, three technologies are evaluated in terms of technical maturity and performance, sustainability, scale-up, and industrial integration, and potential contributions from AI/ML as key enablers of research in recent years are discussed. Catalytic processes are technologically more mature and industrially scalable, but they suffer from high energy demand; electrocatalytic processes, with the premise that electricity will be provided from renewable sources, appear to be a more promising alternative for the future, even though they are not yet technologically as mature as the catalytic routes. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, on the other hand, seems to be the most natural and elegant way to utilize CO₂, as nature does; however, it is the least mature technology, and has significant challenges and uncertainties that should be overcome in order to assess its commercialization potential.

PMID:
42861855
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Oct 2026.

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