Exogenous substances promote the formation of Phallus dongsun primordia by remodeling the mycosphere microenvironment.

Authors

Wei Ge, Yanfeng Han, Chunbo Dong, Yang Gui, Guosheng Zhu, Wanbing Huang, Biao Li, Hongyu Liu, Guanglu Gong, Yingying Lu, Hui Liu

Published in

Fungal biology. Volume 130. Issue 7. Pages 101869. Epub Oct 03, 2026.

Abstract

Exogenous substance application (ESA) directly influences subterranean processes through the action of macrofungal mycelia, garnering considerable attention for its role in enhancing crop yields and resource utilization. However, the intricate mechanisms of mycosphere metabolite-microbe interactions governing macrofungal development remain unclear. This study employed Phallus dongsun for plate culture and pot experiments, integrating multi-omics analysis to investigate the regulatory mechanisms governing the growth and development of this macrofungus through functional interactions between the macrofungus, metabolites, and microorganisms under ESA. Single-factor plate cultures revealed that 60 mg/L ZnSO₄·7H₂O exhibited the most pronounced effect on promoting mycelial growth and biomass in all three P. dongsun strains, while 1.5 g/L MgSO₄ demonstrated a slightly weaker yet still significant effect. To verify the performance of each ESA under natural conditions, single-factor pot experiments were conducted. Pot experiments showed that 1.5 g/L MgSO₄ was optimal for primordia formation and earliness. Furthermore, triacontanol (TRIA, 6 mg/L), vitamin B6 (VB₆, 6 mg/L) and ZnSO₄·7H₂O (60 mg/L) also exhibited promotional effects on primordia formation and earliness, respectively. ESA significantly altered the mycosphere metabolite composition and microbial community structure, enhancing metabolite chemodiversity and keystone taxa diversity (P < 0.05). Moreover, ESA significantly enhanced the accumulation of the keystone taxa Paraburkholderia and major metabolites-such as lipids and organic acids-within the mycosphere. Notably, ESA promoted coupling of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) cycling, while decoupling nitrogen (N) cycling in the mycosphere. Partial least squares modeling (PLS-PM) further indicated that ESA-induced N cycling constraints significantly stimulated P. dongsun primordia formation and P uptake. Furthermore, ESA indirectly enhanced P. dongsun primordia number by increasing keystone taxa diversity. This finding provided new theoretical insights into understanding the interaction mechanisms between macrofungi and their microenvironments, as well as their microbial ecology.

PMID:
42875136
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 15 Oct 2026.

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