Integrated extraction-detection platform based on Pt-Cu@PDA-rGO enzyme-free electrodes and porous microneedles for glucose monitoring.

Authors

Yan Li, Jiamin Wu, Hao Zhou, Shurong Shen, Yunxiang Zhu, Khaydar Ergashovich Yunusov, Abdumutolib Abdupatto Ugli Atakhanov, Lei Nie, Guohua Jiang

Published in

International journal of pharmaceutics. Pages 127553. Oct 14, 2026. Epub Oct 14, 2026.

Abstract

Enzyme-free electrochemical sensing avoids the stability issues and complex immobilization associated with natural enzymes. Here, a ternary Pt-Cu@PDA-rGO composite was prepared, in which polydopamine (PDA) reduces graphene oxide (GO) and anchors Pt-Cu alloy nanoparticles, suppressing agglomeration and enhancing electron transfer. The resulting electrode shows a linear response to glucose from 0.1 to 25 mM (R² > 0.99), a sensitivity of 2.39 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², a detection limit of 0.21 mM, and storage stability over six weeks. A 15 × 15 porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microneedle array was fabricated by micromolding, with a force of 0.17 N per needle at 300 μm displacement, sufficient for skin penetration. Applying 1.5 V reverse iontophoresis enhanced interstitial fluid (ISF) extraction, reaching 92.4 mg within 15 min. The microneedle array, reservoir chamber, Pt-Cu@PDA-rGO electrode, and a custom PCB were integrated into a single device. The extracted ISF is retained in the reservoir, where glucose is detected in situ. The signal is processed and transmitted via Bluetooth, and a universal port allows electrode replacement. In vivo studies in rats over 4.5 h and 12 h showed that the device tracked glucose fluctuations in agreement with a commercial glucometer, with a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) below 10% and all data points within zone A of the Clarke error grid. After 12 h of wear, TUNEL staining and IL-6 immunohistochemistry revealed no significant increase in apoptosis or inflammation. Overall, this integrated platform provides a minimally invasive and enzyme-free route to in situ glucose monitoring, showing promise for further development.

PMID:
42874972
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 15 Oct 2026.

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