Trees alone do not make forests.

Authors

Gunter A Fischer, Jinlong Zhang, Paul Smith, Stephan W Gale

Published in

Trends in ecology & evolution. Oct 15, 2026. Epub Oct 15, 2026.

Abstract

Forest restoration is often evaluated based on tree cover, while other dimensions of ecosystem recovery remain depleted, simplified, or incompletely reassembled. We define this mismatch as hollow forest syndrome and propose deficit profiles and an adaptive framework to diagnose recovery gaps, identify limiting processes, and guide restoration toward whole-forest recovery.

PMID:
42881018
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 16 Oct 2026.

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