Authors
Ziyu Wang, Nina Afshar, Allison M Hodge, Harindra Jayasekara, Stella Koutros, Piet A van den Brandt, Alicja Wolk, Molin Wang, Tao Hou, Hans-Olov Adami, Agneta Åkesson, Chrisa Arcan, Kimberly A Bertrand, Marisa Bittoni, David Bogumil, Hui Cai, Amanda J Cross, A Heather Eliassen, Jo L Freudenheim, Gretchen L Gierach, Edward L Giovannucci, Wen-Yi Huang, Paula Jakszyn, Rieko Kanehara, Victoria A Kirsh, Woon-Puay Koh, Candyce H Kroenke, James V Lacey, Linda M Liao, Erikka Loftfield, Chaoran Ma, Loic Le Marchand, Maria Elena Martinez, Anthony B Miller, Steven C Moore, Lorelei A Mucci, Heather M Munro, Marian L Neuhouser, Jessica L Petrick, Jenny N Poynter, Mark A Preston, Anna Prizment, Samantha Rees, Kim Robien, Thomas E Rohan, Sven Sandin, Norie Sawada, Eva S Schernhammer, Marissa M Shams-White, Martha J Shrubsole, Xiao-Ou Shu, Rashmi Sinha, Sabina Sieri, Mingyang Song, Meir J Stampfer, Rachael Z Stolzenberg-Solomon, Matthew Triplette, Caroline Y Um, Kala Visvanathan, Trang VoPham, Fenglei Wang, Renwei Wang, Sophia S Wang, Ying Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Lynne Wilkens, Walter C Willett, Jian-Min Yuan, Wei Zheng, Nathaniel Rothman, Brigid M Lynch, Debra T Silverman, Stephanie A Smith-Warner, Roger L Milne
Published in
Cancers. Volume 18. Issue 19. Oct 03, 2026. Epub Oct 03, 2026.
Abstract
Background: Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and 'probably carcinogenic' to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Objectives: We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Methods: Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During median follow-up across cohorts of 8-29 years, among 2,575,971 participants, 20,780 were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Processed meat intake was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (HR comparing ≥40 with <5 g/day = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.15; HR per 20 g/day = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03). Weaker evidence of association with increased risk was also observed for unprocessed red meat (HR comparing ≥100 with <20 g/day = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00-1.13; HR per 50 g/day = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99-1.03). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by study, sex, or region. Conclusions: Higher intakes of processed meat and unprocessed red meat were associated with a small increase in risk of bladder cancer. These findings are consistent with existing public health recommendations to limit consumption of red and processed meat.
PMID:
42882897
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 16 Oct 2026.
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