Extended Reality (Augmented Realty, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality) in Teaching Technical Skills.

Authors

Anoop Chhina, Sonalee Shah, Santiago Uribe-Marquez, Jayakar Guruswamy, John D Mitchell

Published in

Anesthesiology clinics. Volume 44. Issue 4. Pages 635-647. Epub Aug 03, 2026.

Abstract

This article examines the role of extended reality (XR)-including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality-in anesthesiology procedural training. XR addresses challenges in apprenticeship models by enabling immersive, repeatable, and learner-centered experiences aligned with simulation-based mastery learning and deliberate practice. Evidence supports XR's utility across diverse skills, including airway management, ultrasound, and crisis response, with benefits such as improved engagement, feedback, and accessibility. However, limitations including cost, technical constraints, and incomplete tactile fidelity persist. XR is best viewed as a complementary tool within blended curricula, with future research needed to validate its impact on skill transfer, patient outcomes, and cost-effectiveness.

PMID:
42896930
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 20 Oct 2026.

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