Comparison of ground reaction force of flatfoot orthoses using 3D gait analysis technology in individuals with flexible flatfoot: A cross-sectional study.

Authors

Yongwook Kim

Published in

Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine. Pages 9287329261500585. Oct 21, 2026. Epub Oct 21, 2026.

Abstract

BACKGROUNDVarious foot orthoses are used to manage flat feet deformity. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the effects of customized three-dimensional (3D) printed insole orthoses for flexible flat feet on peak ground reaction force (GRF) during gait.OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of customized 3D-printed insole orthoses on peak 3D GRF parameters in individuals with flat feet during walking.METHODSKinetic GRF data were collected during gait in twenty-four participants under general shoe insole, prefabricated insole orthosis, and customized 3D-printed insole orthosis conditions. The 3D-printed insole orthoses were manufactured based on a 3D scanner and 3D printer devices. Two force platforms were utilized to assess 3D kinetic GRF data.RESULTSCompared with the general shoe insole and prefabricated insole orthosis, participants exhibited significantly higher late anteroposterior peak GRF and late vertical peak GRF when using the 3D-printed insole orthosis condition (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONUse of 3D-printed insoles positively influenced peak late anterior and late vertical GRF during the terminal stance phase of gait. Fabrication of customized foot orthoses with 3D printing technology may address limitations associated with conventional orthoses.

PMID:
42904891
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 23 Oct 2026.

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