Air-Compatible Indole-Based NHC-Copper Catalysts for A3 Coupling Reaction.

Authors

Cai-Wei Cheng, Chia-Chen Lin, Po-Yu Chen, Wei-Cen Chen, Bo-Heng Chen, Chu-Ting Huang, Dong-Sheng Lee, Ta-Jung Lu

Published in

The Journal of organic chemistry. Oct 22, 2026. Epub Oct 22, 2026.

Abstract

A series of indole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper complexes has been developed as air-compatible catalysts for A3 coupling reactions. The optimized catalytic system efficiently promotes the three-component coupling of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes under aerobic conditions with catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol %. Systematic evaluation of ligand structure reveals that both electronic and steric features of the indole-derived NHC framework play key roles in modulating catalytic activity and stability under air. Notably, differences in time-dependent catalytic behavior are correlated with the air stability of the Cu-NHC complexes, providing insight into catalyst deactivation pathways. These results demonstrate the potential of indole-based NHC-copper complexes as efficient catalysts for A3 coupling reactions under operationally simple conditions.

PMID:
42908077
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 23 Oct 2026.

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