The Remineralization Potential of Silver Diamine Fluoride, ReMin Pro, Bioactive Glass, and Grape Seed Extract on Artificial Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study.

Authors

Senem Gündüz, Ömer Çellik

Published in

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland). Volume 11. Issue 10. Oct 03, 2026. Epub Oct 03, 2026.

Abstract

Objective: Remineralization is an important strategy for preventing the progression of early enamel caries and restoring the mineral content of demineralized enamel. Various remineralizing agents, including fluoride-based materials, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and natural compounds, have been investigated for their potential to promote enamel remineralization. However, evidence directly comparing the remineralization efficacy of these different agents under standardized experimental conditions remains limited. Therefore, a comparative evaluation of these materials may provide clinically relevant information for the management of early enamel lesions and contribute to the development of biomimetic strategies that aim to restore the structure and properties of damaged dental tissues. Accordingly, this study aimed to comparatively evaluate the remineralization potential of silver diamine fluoride, hydroxyapatite-xylitol, nano-sized bioactive glass, and grape seed extract on artificially induced enamel lesions. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five caries-free human premolars were used in this in vitro study. Fifty enamel specimens were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10): 38% silver diamine fluoride (Riva Star), hydroxyapatite-xylitol (Remin Pro), nano-sized bioactive glass (Bone G Active), 10% grape seed extract (Immu-Nat), and deionized water (control). Five additional specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All specimens underwent a 14-day pH cycling regimen. Remineralization was evaluated using Vickers surface microhardness measurements at baseline, after demineralization, and after remineralization. Surface morphology was assessed by SEM. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: All experimental groups showed significantly higher microhardness values compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The greatest increases were observed in the Riva Star, Remin Pro, and bioactive glass groups. Although grape seed extract demonstrated a lower remineralization effect, it significantly improved microhardness compared with the control group (p < 0.05). SEM analysis revealed more pronounced surface morphological changes in the Riva Star and ReMin Pro groups. Conclusions: Silver diamine fluoride, Remin Pro, and bioactive glass demonstrated promising remineralization potential, whereas grape seed extract exhibited a supportive but limited effect.

PMID:
42930255
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 26 Oct 2026.

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