Authors
Yun Beom Lee, Michael T Olson, Micaela Cuneo, Christian Goei, Pranav Singh, Jessica Saul-McBeth, Jason Rall, Marlin Wayne Causey, Theodore G Hart
Published in
Annals of vascular surgery. Oct 27, 2026. Epub Oct 27, 2026.
Abstract
Non-compressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) remains a leading cause of preventable death in civilian and military trauma. In settings without cross-sectional imaging, the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) is used to detect hemoperitoneum but is limited in evaluating the retroperitoneum, is highly operator dependent, and cannot reliably localize bleeding. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has demonstrated high sensitivity for solid organ pathology, but its role in detecting and localizing NCTH is not well defined.
NCTH was induced in 18 swine (70-90 kg) via laparoscopic solid organ injury or endovascular injury to an aortic branch vessel. Standard FAST and CEUS were performed pre- and post-injury in a non-randomized, paired fashion. Outcomes included successful visualization of contrast extravasation with accurate localization of hemorrhage and time to hemorrhage detection.
Both CEUS and FAST detected hemoperitoneum in all cases. CEUS identified active contrast extravasation from solid organ and vascular injuries in 78% of cases and improved detection of low-volume hemoperitoneum. CEUS also detected hemorrhage in the retroperitoneum. Time to detection was similar between modalities.
CEUS is a feasible adjunct to FAST for detecting and localizing NCTH. This swine model provides a reproducible platform for evaluating portable hemorrhage localization technologies in austere environments.
PMID:
42946303
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 28 Oct 2026.
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