Authors
Valeria Bonilla, Daniel G Kuroda
Published in
Chemical reviews. Volume 126. Issue 20. Pages 11364-11412. Oct 28, 2026.
Abstract
Two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for probing the structure and picosecond dynamics of complex, condensed-phase systems at the molecular level. In electrolytes and ionic liquids, where physicochemical properties arise from the interplay between solvation and ionic interactions, 2DIR spectroscopy provides unique insights into intermolecular interactions and dynamical processes that are often inaccessible to conventional spectroscopies. This review highlights seminal and recent advances in understanding the behavior of these systems using 2DIR spectroscopy, with particular emphasis on spectral diffusion, vibrational relaxation, and chemical exchange dynamics. The review also describes how complementary information from the vibrational modes of solvents, salts, and external probes enables detailed characterization of ion-ion interactions, hydrogen-bonding networks, and solvation environments, providing a molecular framework of the structure and time evolution of these charged systems. Moreover, particular attention is given to the dynamics of distinct molecular moieties and to the role of specific anions, cations, and solvent environments in governing behavior on femtosecond to picosecond time scales. Finally, the review describes current challenges, including the limited availability of intrinsic vibrational reporters and experimental constraints, and key open questions in electrochemical and energy-relevant systems that remain despite an extensive number of studies in the area.
PMID:
42949061
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 28 Oct 2026.
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