Unlocking coordinatively unsaturated Bi sites in mixed-linker Bi-MOFs on laser-induced graphene electrode for on-site monitoring of toxic heavy metals.

Authors

Nan Shangguan, Fengjin Zhang, Zixuan Wu, Peng Hu, Peizhu Wang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Nianjun Yang

Published in

Analytica chimica acta. Volume 1425. Pages 346314. Dec 01, 2026. Epub Sep 22, 2026.

Abstract

To protect public health and ensure food safety, heavy metal ions in environment and food must be identified both quickly and accurately. Electrochemical techniques have become a focus of research interest, largely owing to their potential for simultaneous quantification of multiple heavy metal ions, low cost, ease of miniaturization, and simple operation.
A newly developed electrochemical sensor using a defective bismuth-based metal-organic framework (BiFcFc'-MOF) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) is reported for the simultaneous analysis of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. The BiFcFc'-MOF was synthesized using Bi ions coordinated with 1,1'-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (Fc) and ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc') as mixed π-conjugated linkers, which creates abundant coordinatively unsaturated Bi sites. The combination of BiFcFc'-MOF and LIG allows for large surface area and rapid electron transfer through the conductive LIG network, resulting in an enhanced sensitivity and a reduction in detection limits (LOD). The sensor demonstrates low LOD values of 0.38 μg/L for Cd²⁺ and 0.98 μg/L for Pb²⁺ under optimal conditions, surpassing numerous electrochemical platforms in performance. The practical potential was also confirmed by applying the sensor to lake water, soil, soybean, sorghum, and rice, yielding satisfactory recovery rates. Significance and Novelty: A defective BiFcFc'-MOF with abundant coordinatively unsaturated Bi sites is first fabricated via a mixed ferrocene-based ligand strategy, breaking the activity-conductivity trade-off of conventional MOFs. This study presents a hopeful strategy for on-site monitoring of toxic metal ions in complex samples.

PMID:
42951551
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 29 Oct 2026.

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