Authors
Valber Onofre de Araújo, Caio César Borburema da Silva, Edson Batista de Assis Júnior, Zayan Silva Pereira, Igor Mariz Dantas, Walter Henrique Cruz Pequeno, Eduardo Sérgio Soares Sousa, Sara Vilar Dantas Simões, Ricardo Barbosa Lucena
Published in
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. Pages 109343. Oct 29, 2026. Epub Oct 29, 2026.
Abstract
Plant-induced integumentary disease in livestock includes clinically overlapping syndromes caused by distinct pathogenic mechanisms, particularly primary photosensitization and direct plant-associated injury. This systematic review aimed to identify and critically synthesize original studies describing plant-induced primary photosensitization and direct cutaneous, ocular, oral, nasal, or mucocutaneous injury in livestock, with emphasis on lesion mechanisms, causal evidence, affected species, exposure contexts, geographic distribution, clinicopathological findings, and differential diagnosis. The review was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Scopus, and eligible studies were evaluated using a predefined causal-evidence framework integrating botanical, epidemiological, clinicopathological, hepatic, experimental, toxicological, phytochemical, and follow-up evidence. Fifty unique original publications were included, corresponding to 51 category-level entries because one publication contributed to both disease categories. Primary photosensitization accounted for 30 entries and was associated mainly with sunlight-dependent lesions in non-pigmented, lightly pigmented, or sparsely haired skin. Direct plant-associated injury accounted for 21 entries and involved traumatic, irritant, or foreign-body lesions caused by awns, seed heads, glochids, spines, thorns, sharp fruits, or abrasive plant material. The strongest associations were supported by convergent evidence rather than by exposure history or lesion compatibility alone. Brazil contributed the largest number of entries, particularly from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. The review supports a mechanism-based diagnostic framework separating primary photosensitization, contact phototoxicity, and direct traumatic plant injury as distinct but clinically overlapping entities. Future studies should prioritize botanical voucher deposition, hepatic assessment, standardized lesion documentation, targeted phytochemistry, and stronger causal evidence.
PMID:
42957007
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 30 Oct 2026.
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