Authors
Min Jin, Qi Wang
Published in
Frontiers in psychology. Volume 17. Pages 1983869. Epub Oct 20, 2026.
Abstract
To examine the predictive association between the teaching environment and psychological wellbeing in survey data and to investigate the serial indirect association under a prespecified ordering involving psychological safety, university belonging, and learning engagement.
A fixed random seed was used to split 815 complete survey questionnaire records into an EFA group (n = 408) and a CFA group (n = 407), on which principal axis factoring and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, respectively. After the measurement structure was confirmed, recursive equations and bootstrap intervals were estimated using the full sample.
The background distributions were similar across the two groups. The EFA retained five factors, and the five-factor CFA model showed good fit, χ2(485) = 529.551, CFI = 0.994, and RMSEA = 0.015. The total association between the teaching environment and psychological wellbeing was 0.435, and the full serial indirect association was 0.036. Among six competing orders estimated under identical constraints, the theoretically specified order showed the best relative fit, although its absolute fit remained inadequate.
The five variables were interrelated yet distinguishable in the survey data. The proposed ordering may serve as a theoretical model for testing in future studies using authentic samples; the cross-sectional survey findings cannot establish a causal ordering.
PMID:
42978751
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 04 Nov 2026.
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