Direct and generative retrieval and the phenomenological characteristics of future thinking associated with depressive symptoms: The relevance of contrast avoidance and memories of the future.

Authors

Noboru Matsumoto, David John Hallford

Published in

Emotion (Washington, D.C.). Nov 09, 2026. Epub Nov 09, 2026.

Abstract

Depression is characterized by reduced future thinking specificity, yet the retrieval processes underlying this impairment remain unclear. We examined whether depressive symptoms are differentially associated with direct retrieval (i.e., effortless searches that immediately bring future thoughts to mind) versus generative retrieval (i.e., searches requiring cognitive effort or additional information) of specific and categoric future events and whether contrast avoidance (i.e., maintaining a negative mood to avoid a sudden negative emotional shift) contributes to these patterns. In Study 1 (N = 80) and preregistered Study 2 (N = 113), Japanese adults completed a future thinking task in which they imagined personally relevant future events for positive and negative cue words, classified each retrieval as direct or generative, and rated phenomenological characteristics. Drawing on preliminary results from Study 1, Study 2 clearly linked depressive symptoms to more frequent directly retrieved categoric futures for negative cues. In contrast, regressions (but not correlations) showed associations between depressive symptoms to reduced generatively retrieved specific futures for positive cues. Depressed individuals also reported lower emotional valence, likelihood, and similarity with past events for positive future thinking, suggesting limited memory resources for generating plausible positive events. In Study 2, a higher propensity for emotional contrast avoidance was linked to increased retrieval of negative categoric futures and decreased retrieval of positive specific futures. These findings suggest that increased accessibility to negative categoric futures and reduced accessibility to positive specific futures may be a distinct pathological process in depression, with contrast avoidance potentially maintaining these biases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:
43002500
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 10 Nov 2026.

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