Comprehensive evaluation of Crambe orientalis subsp. orientalis var. orientalis: phytochemistry, anatomy, and biological activities.

Authors

Bilge Aydın, Hafize Yuca, Hilal Özbek, Gülnur Ekşi Bona, Mehmet Bona, Mehmet Karadayı, Enes Tekman, Ayşe Cemre Kararenk, Betül Demirci, Zühal Güvenalp, Songül Karakaya

Published in

Protoplasma. Nov 11, 2026. Epub Nov 11, 2026.

Abstract

This study investigated the phytochemical composition, biological activities, and morphological and anatomical characteristics of Crambe orientalis subsp. orientalis var. orientalis (Brassicaceae). Extracts and solvent fractions obtained from different plant parts were evaluated for their total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, antioxidant activities, enzyme inhibitory effects, and mutagenic potential. Essential oil and fatty acid compositions were investigated using chromatographic techniques. Essential oil yields were low (0.00017-0.0083%), with glucosinolate-derived volatile constituents, particularly methallyl cyanide and β-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, identified among the major components. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions generally exhibited higher phenolic and flavonoid contents and stronger ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Spearman correlation analysis revealed weak but statistically significant positive correlations between both total phenolic content (TPC) and ABTS activity (ρ = 0.356, p = 0.042) and total flavonoid content (TFC) and ABTS activity (ρ = 0.356, p = 0.042). However, neither TPC nor TFC showed a statistically significant correlation with DPPH radical scavenging activity (p > 0.05). Enzyme inhibitory activities were generally weak to moderate, with α-amylase inhibition reaching 43.94% and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition reaching 34.59%. The leaf methanol extract exhibited pronounced hyaluronidase inhibition (97.90%), compared with 86.40% for the reference inhibitor EGCG under the tested conditions; however, relative inhibitory potency could not be established without concentration-response analysis. The aerial-part methanol extract showed moderate elastase inhibition (40.09%), whereas α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and collagenase inhibition remained limited. In the Ames/Salmonella assay conducted without metabolic activation, the aerial-part essential oil produced a dose-dependent increase in revertant colonies in the TA1537 and TA97a strains, indicating potential mutagenicity under the investigated conditions. Morphological and anatomical examinations revealed diagnostic characteristics, including amphistomatic, bifacial leaves, multicellular trichomes, a Y-shaped petiole, and distinct vascular and supporting tissues. Overall, these findings provide an integrated characterization of C. orientalis and identify the leaf methanol extract as a candidate for further investigation of hyaluronidase inhibitory constituents, while emphasizing the need for additional toxicological evaluation of the aerial-part essential oil.

PMID:
43012963
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Nov 2026.

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