Reviewing haptics, sensory feedback & surgeon control in robotic urologic surgery.

Authors

Maxwell Sandberg, Jorge Seoane, Ashok Hemal

Published in

Current opinion in urology. Nov 06, 2026. Epub Nov 06, 2026.

Abstract

Since its inception in urologic procedures, robotic platforms have changed dramatically. These include developments in surgeon control, sensory feedback, and haptics. The purpose of this review is to summarize current findings and research in these domains.
Most robots in urology are level I, which is complete surgeon control with no ability to perform tasks without direct manipulation by the operator. Visual sensation is the main feedback in robotic assisted surgery, which can be enhanced with augmented reality and auditory cues like auto-stop. Haptics attempt to restore tissue properties like touch, pressure, and tension lost in robotic surgery. A recent example of this is force feedback when grasping tissues.
Surgeon control in robotics does not exist beyond level III, whereby the robot can execute independent surgical tasks with surgeon input. Sensation beyond visual and auditory cues remains an area for improvement. Multiple studies show haptic technology improves surgeon performance.

PMID:
43023922
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 13 Nov 2026.

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